Phone Disection

3 sustainable strategies:
   
design modular phones for easy assembly/disassembly to make recycling easier

find material alternatives to the toxic heavy metals found in so many electronics

Design phones that can be upgraded rather than tossed as soon as there is something better

Megafactories: IKEA

It was interesting that the Megafactories episode started with an explanation of IKEA's roots which are very far from megafactory.  IKEA got it's start as a service by a young man how made furniture that people could order from a catalog, and then had it delivered. This process of building and delivering created some of the ideals that makes IKEA successful today. These are making affordable, light weight furniture that can be packed flat and assembled at home to reduce shipping cost and hardship. Today IKEA has expanded that vision to the worlds largest furniture supply company with 300 stores, 42 distribution centers and over a hundred suppliers all over the world. IKEA has patented some methods of making strong light weight furniture such as a specific form of veneered particle board that often incorporates the scrap material created by other factories and wood panels with a cardboard honey comb interior structure for support. These make for products that can be carried packed and shipped by customers in their cars, dramatically reducing cost. For this same purpose all of IkEA's products are designed to be modular so that parts can be quickly made in the factories and then easily assembled at home by the average person. Factories create incredible quantities of products, but according to IKEA any given factory may only produce somewhere around 20 different types of product for the sake of streamlining.

Hallmark

     It was a little bit surreal to be in the hallmark factory after having seen thousands of hallmark cards, advertisements, and even hallmark movie specials throughout the course of my life. Our tour began with a general explanation of the primary products that they make in this Hallmark plant. They described that they buy high quality paper from sustainable forests in the U.S. so that their cards have a higher quality of color and resiliency (cards that don't come out curved). We were shown samples of their "flitter" (glitter), "flock" (fuzz or hair texture), "virko" (thermographic printing of gloss) and foil, as well as heat sensitive inks for customizable cards they make in smaller volumes.
     Their cards are designed and then they create dies to cut the blanks for each card, for the sake of being able to make multiple card lines at once, they then attach multiple cards dies to one board that will cut all of the cards. Quantities of less than 25,000 cards are cut with a magnesium die to be cost effective, but lines with above 25,000 cards to produce use the more expensive brass dies, which last longer.
     After the cards are cut most of the way and pressed out of their stacks of sheets using a scrap press, some cards are sent to be embossed with the foil. This process involves adhering the foil to the card and then being pressed in a die with positive and negative sides to create a texture pattern on the front of the card. Other cards are sent to be either flocked or flittered. Flitter is the simpler of the two and involves applying glue spraying with flitter, sucking off excess, and sending the card through ovens to set. Flocking is a similar process but is done in a temperature and humidity controlled environment for better results, and even uses static charge to make the flock stand up on cards that need that specific texture. Hallmark also colors, cuts, folds and adheres paper into envelopes in one dramatic and fast machine we got to see working. Aside from the cards, this hallmark plant also did large scale screen prints onto paper but this process was not active at the time and seemed to be a relatively small portion of their work.

El Dorado

While our trip to El Dorado was shorter than many would have liked it was not a total loss. We were afforded the opportunity to see inside a successful, once-but-no-longer-startup, architecture firm built by people from similar backgrounds and communities to ourselves. it was interesting to see how they modified an old industrial space with modular furniture of their own design to help make a collaborative and creative environment. El Dorado does work for everyone from individuals to municipalities and public works, and after perusing perusing their website it seems they prioritize sustainable, industrial modern works that benefit the community. My carpool group missed most of what was apparently a brief talk about the fabrication area of El Dorado, but we were informed that they can do much of the metal and glass works necessary to make scale mockups for clients to experience specific aspects of potential designs, which was surprising to me based on the overall small volume of space available at their location. A valuable piece of advice we were left with was to be mindful of the information we consume and to prioritize knowing whats going on in the design world in order to understand where our skills lie in the scheme of things, and also to use it as motivation to raise the bar for ourselves and to challenge those we grow with to reach higher as well.

Function and Personality

The first chapter seems to focus on the need for designers to use the connections and connotations that materials have to fully realize the intended purpose of whatever object is being designed. This is important in humanizing the work. The idea of making things more "human" is underlined by the introduction to the chapter which basically states that as humans, we are significantly different from most animals in our ability to see more into and about objects than just its color or form, but also intention, use, environment, permanence or impermanence. They use the example of a violin which is a well designed object for it's function, its beautiful and decorative form, and the relatively simple and holistic materials that make up this instrument that makes raw acoustic music from the vibration of these materials. It seems that the meat and potatoes of the section is to highlight the need for designers to be conscious in all choices and aspects of their design, and to bridge the gap between design and production by taking into account all of the things that are important in an object, all of these things that we, as humans, can "see"beneath the skin, and translate that into tangible produceable product.

Barry Plastics

Barry was very cool if for no other reason than the sheer output volume we experienced first hand. After we had safety glasses, hard hats, hair nets, beard nets, ear plugs, smocks (they were serious about safety) we were led to the companies printing facilities. This process was very different that what I expected and the machines looked like large circular airplane engines with radial pistons firing in slow motion. Each "piston" was just adding pressure to to a specific paint roller that was associated with an ink well. the inks were made in house and capable of mixing to make any pantone system color. Rollers had a plate with a specific aspect of the design to be printed. the product (cups) came through, were painted, dried in a tenth of a second with UV light, and sent on their way at a rate of hundreds of thousands per day.
     Next was thermoforming, which was arguable the most impressive process. Here huge hoppers of plastic pellets were heated to extrude gigantic sheets that were cooled and then reheated to specific pliability before being stamped with a two sided dye press that was probably 30 feet tall. It was then cooled, and cut. scraps are shredded and returned to the hoppers for minimal waste in the production process. When asked about the output of McFlurry cups(that's what they were forming that day) they answered in tons, which didn't help at all but showed how ridiculous the output really was.
     Finally we saw injection molding which wasn't as interesting to look at due to slower production rates and more thoroughly enclosed machinery, but it was interesting to learn the specifics of the process. I had no idea that the injected material was forced into the molds with hundreds of tons of force and that the molds had to me internally cooled in order to have the products set fast enough. I also learned that injection molded plastics are harder to recycle back into raw material because the process puts so much stress on the chemical makeup. But according to Barry, our tour guide this seeming lack of manufacturing efficiency is negated by how little waste material is formed in the process compared to thermoforming.

What influences design?

To summarize the textbook, the primary force in influencing product design in a nation where product design is a major industry (developed country, free market economy) is desire. Wants and needs control economies, and in most developed countries, most people have most of their actual needs met. therefore want people want is a huge factor, and -- it seems to me -- a rather cyclical factor. Much of what people perceive as needs come from advertising and media that play on the idea of creating a better life. Fashion, color ways, patterns, and line styles are in constant flux so product designers often use the fashionable aesthetic in conjunction with a novel improvement on former products or processes to create desire. An emerging aesthetic is that which plays towards mindfulness, eco friendliness, and efficiency. This comes in the context of environmental degradation and massive material science advances, so one could argue that environmental factors and scientific pursuits are major design influences as well. People today are more conscious of what happens at the end of the life of their product, so when a product can be made cost effectively with recycleable material it becomes a selling point for desire, more than it is a necessary tool for sustainability. So the cycle repeats. There is eco conciousness, and new materials, so a product is advertised as the future, as better, as necessary. People see this happening, recognize the fashion and desire to be a part of it, creating a demand. This is a cynical explanation for an example of a good and beneficial trend, but it is nonetheless true. Even our desire for a sheer volume of things, useful or no, is a manufactured symptom of a consumerist economy.

Design and Designing

     I was happy --while reading this section-- to find that there was a heavy emphasis on thinking. Both how we store information and how we retrieve it with stimuli are very important no matter the field, but it seems design has a special application of the extensive and complicated storage systems in our brain. We carry a tremendous volume of information in our heads, but it is useless without the ability to retrieve specific information that relates to the task at hand. So it seems that part of being a designer,  and understanding design is helping ourselves make our retrieval system more efficient in the way that we work through design processes as individuals and groups. One method the selected reading notes is through the tools of software we have available to search and retrieve specific information for the purpose of acting as stimuli to connect and reinforce our own knowledge, experience, and emotion while pursuing a design task. Of course this is far from the full package and that is why different mantras for the design process are so dutifully followed today. Within those there are many consistent tactics. Individual mind mapping, brainstorming, group brain storming and ideation, collage and mood boards, mass sketching, and many other tools help the designer to first and foremost understand what they know/feel about a subject by connecting the dots of their mental storage, as well as creating a more focused or simplified realm of material, mood, intent within which, meaningful work is more feasible.

Waste=Food

Waste=Food Response

Jack hoard

            I have always had an interest in designing after nature. The natural world has had 4 billion years to learn innumerable ways to be an efficient part of an ever-changing system. It is this concept that inspired the title of the film “Waste=Food.” In the natural world it is very rare to see a byproduct or “waste” that is not an immediate factor in maintaining the survival of a species or ecosystem, often times directly as food.

It is only humans that create such outlandish and varying types of waste, and subsequently damage environments greatly. It is a sad fact our consumer based economies and societies will most likely continue to accelerate the amount of waste that they produce. All is not lost however. We just need to redirect out profit minded systems to recognize that waste is ultimately lost profit. Almost all waste can be reduced, altered, refined, or reused so that it becomes a viable part of either the biosphere or technosphere in a way that benefits industry, whether through reducing taxed carbon footprint, increasing worker moral, reducing energy cost, or making businesses more self sufficient. Effectively, waste can become food for business.

            Businesses following this “Inteligent Product System”  can make huge difference in the amount of waste humans produce, and the way we utilize resources. Currently we use up an estimated 4-6,000 times as much topsoil as we replenish through all types of industrial processes. Our current use of raw material is incredibly inefficient. one example being that it can take as much as 50,000 lbs of raw materials to create a 3,000 lb car. Thankfully, companies like Nike are  adopting smarter and more efficient systems in the hope of  being waste free by the year 2020.

 

  Some general methods for attaining goals such as this are:

·      Green roofs: reduce energy costs in winter and summer, naturally filters and uses rainwater that would become industrial runoff, creates habitat for native species, naturally cleans the air, drastically increases the life of the roof.

·      Responsible sourcing: for instance in the textile industry, buying biodegradable fibers, and eco-friendly dyes makes product waste easier to recycle, and if it is not able to be used as textile it can be sold to farmers as organic, biodegradable top soil protection and nutrient infuser.

·      Designing “Cradle to Cradle”:  Designing products to be more easily assembled and disassembled with reusable, non-toxic material creates more flexible business models, and a product people are more likely to recycle

·      Natural Insutrial Parks:  filling open space in industrial parks with the native ecosystem not only provides habitat for species, but improves employee morale and helps to brand the business with a more sustainable image.

Watching “Waste=food” has made me less pessimistic about the consumerist culture in which we make and sell goods. I am interested in designing for more sustainable systems and my view has been broadened to looking at how those systems can be built from the ground up, using existing infrastructure. Learning a few specific tactics that are being employed most effectively helps to guide my design process to fit what will surely become common industrial practices, if not from the success of others than through necessity.

Lawrence Paper Company

As the name suggests, Lawrence Paper Company is a company based out of Lawrence, KS that specializes in making paper products, primarily corrugated cardboard.

They produce, cardboard sheets, boxes, and other packaging, as well as custom cardboard displays.

Lawrence Paper Company has an incredibly wide market. Really anyone that needs cardboard boxes or displays.

The fabrication process begins with gigantic rolls of paper stacked like a forest in the storage section of the facility. Rolls are transported to a huge machine that crimps and glues the brown paper to become sheets of corrugate. These sheets are stacked and moved to a punch that creates the blanks to be shipped to a given customer. These can be any type of box, cutout, or display you could imagine.

For a company that mainly makes cardboard I was not disappointed by the tour. The environment was very cool with the massive machines and forest of paper rolls, even though not all parts of the factory were active.  It was cool how the primary machine that made corrugate just kind of ate paper rolls and spat out sheets, but I wish I could have seen more of the inner mechanism. The most interesting part was definitely speaking with the designers about the process for designing displays that are both functional and aesthetically appealing while working solely with the cardboard material constraint. Additionally they had a cool paint set up and it was nice to hear that their excess paint is recycled.

Huhtamaki

Huhtamaki is a paper product fabrication company founded in Finland, with several plants in the U.S.  We toured the DeSoto facility, which primarily made fountain drink cups, coffee cups, and ice cream containers.

Huhtamaki primarily fabricates the items listed above, but also collects their industrial waste paper from all over and uses them to make the Chinet product line. In addition, they have their own shop for machining parts for all of their custom manufacturing equipment.

Huhtamaki supplies an insane list of customers including Burger King, McDonald's, Costco, sysco, Ben & Jerry's, Kroger, and many others. Our tour guide said "If you've used a paper cup in Kansas recently, it was probably made here."

While the primary material utilized by Huhtamaki is paper, they also used adhesives, clay, "commodity plastic resins," metals, and engineered plastics (like UHMW and Polyacetal) for their machine shop.

Huge rolls of paper with varying thicknesses are unrolled, cut to size, rerolled and stored for the next step of production. A roll for a given product is then coated in a microfilm of clay to prevent print failure, printed on, coated in a microfilm of polyethelene on both sides, dried and cut into sheets which contain the blanks for various products. These blanks are die cut, and then fed into machines which form, glue, press, and roll them into the correct shape. they are then hand packed into plastic sleeves, which are then put into boxes and stacked for transport.

I was not super excited to visit a company that makes paper cups, but I must say I was impressed with the level of technology used, the amount of human work that was still involved, Huhtamaki's environmental mindfulness, and also the general quality of the tour. Everything was explained in detail and questions were answered thoroughly starting with the presentation on the materials of packaging  and products that encompassed far more than just Huhtamaki's processes.

Metals

Definitions:

Alloy:  1. degree of mixture between metals
             2. material made by combining materials (usually metals)

Ferrous:  1. containing or relating to iron

Non-Ferrous:     1. Not containing or relating to iron


Iron:     An abundant metal believed to make up much of the the Earth's mantle and core. Defined by carbon content. (low carbon - "wrought", high carbon - "cast", between .2% and  2% carbon - "steel")

Steel:   Iron with carbon content between .2% and 2%. The higher the carbon the harder the steel, reducing ductility and increasing oxidization/ corrosion tendency.

Aluminum Alloy:    A combination of raw Aluminum extracted from Bauxite and recycled bauxite. Conductive, non-toxic, light-weight metal.

Magnesium Alloys:    Very expensive due to energy intensive extraction. Combination of Magnesium and metals like Aluminum, Silicon, and zinc, depending on application.

Titanium Alloys:    Very expensive alloys used in applications requiring high strength to weight ratios and good corrosion resistance.

Zinc Alloys:   Typically have a low melting point, making them useful in casting small or intricate parts. Usually plated with other metals for aesthetic affect.

Copper Alloys:    Ductile, conductive, easy to form with low melting point. Forms patina with chemical exposure or age which can have aesthetic and protective properties.

Nickel Alloys:   Good corrosion and oxidization resistance with bright surface. Makes for good plating material.

Lead and Tin Alloys:   Very soft metals, traditionally used in casting and forming.

Precious Metals:      Gold, Silver, Platinum etc. Highly resistant to corrosion and oxidization, highly conductive of heat and electricity and non-toxic. Rare, and therefore expensive.

Electric Wasteland response

     I like to consider myself to be somewhat knowledgeable about the environmental effects we have on the world, or at least that I am not totally ignorant to the major problems, but "Electric Wasteland" dropped a couple bombs I was totally unaware of. I know that the U.S. is a very large, consumerist economy that imports a lot of cheap goods from countries where the workers are paid less and not treated well. It is a sad reality that in we effectively displace our inconvenience onto less fortunate countries so that we can continue to have products cheap enough to buy with abandon. What I did not realize is how thoroughly we take advantage of this system in the case of electronics. Not only do we outsource manufacturing of environmentally hazardous products, but we also outsource the electric trash that so inevitably comes with the newest shiny technology.
     The waste from our consumer electronics contains many toxic chemicals and heavy metals like lead, cadmium, sulfur, and mercury, but I assumed this was waste we got rid of ourselves. Or at the very least we piled up the consequences of our consumption on our own land. I was very wrong. While it is technically illegal to transport the toxic consumer electronic waste out of the country, there is a huge black market for exporting the undesirable waste to the undesirables of the world. Even major recycling companies which claim specifically to be extra carefully with waste like cathode ray tubes have been found to be illegally transporting waste via shipping freight shipping containers to to small toxic trash villages in rural China that slowly dismantle and pile up our waste, poisoning the surrounding air, water, and soil as well as ruining the health of the poor workers controlled by local gangs. Aside from the obvious ecological destruction caused from our unrestrained consumption we are taking advantage of poorer societies around the world, essentially to save a few bucks.

3 sustainable options:

Material science is booming, and while toxic heavy metals may be the cheapest materials to use in the mass production of circuit boards and other electronic components there are surely alternative options for the trace materials that make up the most dangerous parts of the electronic components.

There is a growing industry in E-waste removal and recycling, that could benefit from automation for safer deconstruction processes. Safe, legal, efficient E-waste removal could surely be profitable and potentially even subsidized by the government.

BUY LESS CRAP, GET RID OF IT IN RESPONSIBLE WAYS, USE CONSUMER VOICE TO DEMAND LESS DANGEROUS PRODUCTS.

Design Thinking movie

     I'm a documentary buff, so this format is usually pretty easy for me to swallow but I was especially interested in how they tackled the idea of design thinking. I've heard the term defined many times, usually in a kind of cliche "no bad ideas" "think outside the box" type of way but this film took an interesting view point. Essentially the argument seemed to be that design thinking is a way of encouraging productive methods for problem solving in any given situation. Design thinking then becomes less of a set of rules to stay outside the normal realm of reasoning, and instead a person centered approach moving towards understanding the systems in which people work, and providing for creative collaboration within those systems. The examples of design thinking illustrated through the community cooking class and the design consulting firm were very different and for good reason. To try to apply a single definitive approach for encouraging open communication and creative thought to both of these situations would result in neither being as effective as possible.
      This is not to say that no to say there are no commonalities between the design thinking tactics. Generally the themes of quick iteration, equal voice for all parties, open minded collection of data are embraced. The design thinking movement primarily seems to be a growing acceptance of tactics that are out of the social norms, and this divergence creates opportunities for a wider range of participants in these systems. With a greater range of participants comes a greater propensity for social, idealogical, and innovative change.

Dimensional Innovations

     Dimensional Innovations is arguably the largest and most prominent design firm in Kansas City. They employ an astounding breadth of projects in a communal studio design environment. While they export more of the large scale fabrication than other places we've visited like A. Zahner and Star Signs, they produce a greater range of products and systems within their spaces, and still fabricate a lot for themselves. What separates Dimensional Innovations from these two noteworthy firms is the diversity of design challenges they face.
     Dimensional innovations has patented their own materials, including a glass fiber reinforced plastic they often form into furniture. They tackle signage and environmental design challenges that include interactive digital displays. They create specialized equipment for medical environments. They develop startup projects through Kickstarter. Dimensional Innovations is the unsung hero of branding tons of Kansas companies, and through their facilities, there are few things that they can't do. Lighting, environmental, wayfinding, digital interaction, product design, through the tools of plastic forming, welding, routing, laser cutting, large scale vinyls, painting, powdercoating, and spray on plastic coatings.

A. Zahner

     Zahner's facilities and processes are unique primarily in their drastic scale compared to places we've been like Star Signs. Don't get me wrong, Star signs is capable of large projects and systems of signage, but for a fabrication company that does everything in house, Zahner is immense. Most of their work is in aluminum, as in many fabrication companies in the same market, due to the strength to weight ration and the workability, but Zahner is capable of many other materials including acrylic and steel.
     Zahner acquires contracts for huge long term projects including architectural facades for big names like Frank Gehry by focusing on iterative exploration of surface finishing, and through large scale mockups. They employ two towers--a 20 ft. and a 40 ft.--which can hang architectural elements or sculpural sections so that shapes and finishes can be viewed at full scale.
     They are also known for their hundreds of offered finishes, Zahner has a team dedicated to creating new textures, and patinas in series so that Zahner is able to match any theme that a project dictates.
     On top of all of this, Zahner employs advanced technology. The use of a water jet cutter, a large scale CNC, and a patented metal punch Zahner is able to take their design teams wildest solutions and make them reality. Every detail is planned and tested by a dedicated staff. Even the shipping crates are specially built by crate builders.

Frank Gehry

Frank Gehry is known for outlandish architecture, and a work process that is no less so. In fact one of the greatest inspirations for his architectural style was that he was drastically opposed to the tenants of architecture at the time. Gehry has never fit into a mold nicely. Working from gestural sketches, crumpled paper cups, and a multitude of other strange inspirations Gehry works to have his buildings break out from their landscapes as surreal monuments. His work now is centered around a large studio collaborative environment, with many specialized people working under him (even a designated taper/paper cutter). In this way Gehry rapidly creates models in large and small scale that help him maintain perspective on the project, and allow for organic growth in design. Gehry is a testament to the idea that one must follow what truly inspires them, as it was his breaking away from the static and unobtrusive architecture he had known that awarded him with incredible success.

Matthias Pliessnig

Matthias Pliessnig is an artist, a furniture designer, a boat builder, and much more. Best known for his steam bending of wood, Matthias is a pioneer of process and refinement in creating incredibly intricate furniture pieces which he markets primarily to architects (for new buildings) but also to lucky private collectors.

Matthias uses time sensitive steam bending techniques that require "good people, loud music, and a few beers," not to mention hundreds of clamps and an intuition that can only come from hundreds of experiments.

There is never a dull moment in the studio, as Pliessnig explores fresh forms by playing with sculpture (large and miniscule), boat and kayak building, carving, and finding inspiration in his pets.

Matthias' installation art/benches can run easily into the tens of thousands of dollars, and for good reason. Hundreds and hundreds of man hours are tirelessly spent creating these surreal pieces.

Matthias' advice for attempting to steam bend:

-Use long, straight grain wood  (white oak)

-be picky, get the air dried wood so that resin is intact

-build your own bender. Relatively cheap, easy and customizable, you just need PVC piping and a laundry service steamer.

Star Signs

     Star Signs is a signage manufacturer based in Lawrence KS that can tackle large and complex design jobs that many other manufacturers would not. Their market is massive with the capability to make signs for anyone that needs them.

     90% of the material Star Signs uses is aluminum due to its properties of relative lightness, and durability, but they also utilize acrylic, photopolymer, and vinyl prints on a regular basis with a capability to use an even wider range of material.

     With the use of a router, vinyl plotter, shears, breaks, sliprolls, and a digital printer capable of printing materials from aluminum to leather, Star Signs of incredible work.

      Finishing is just as important as fabrication to Star Signs and for that reason they have a full size ventilated paint booth and baking booth, equipped with vandal proof paint.

Star Signs is notable for their work with Boulevard Brewing, Kauffman stadium, and many Universities around the country.

Reuter Organ Company

     The Reuter Organ Company has been in Lawrence since 1919, and is one of only 4 pipe organ manufacturers left in the U.S. that still custom design and build every part of the organ.
   

     While the majority of the market for pipe organs consists of Churches and Universities, Reuter has made organs even for private homes and businesses.
     In the process of a custom build Reuter uses a multitude of materials including any type of wood a customer desires, Copper, zinc, "spotted metal" (cast in house), bone, leather, and plastics.
     A large CNC router greatly reduces the time spent on custom carvings, and an in house mill ensures the capability to complete projects of any size.

     All pipes are rolled, soldered or welded, polished/painted/flame finished, and tuned individually. A truly unique instrument every time.

 















  An organ from Reuters can cost anywhere from $500,000 to $2,000,000, but Reuters has managed to build more than 2,200 organs over the years, as well as rebuilt or refurbished another 2,200.

Materials and Processes

Toilet paper is an often overlooked, but tremendously important product in modern society. Both toilet paper and facial tissue are very simple products, being made almost entirely of cellulose fiber, but the manufacturing process necessary for the mass production of this staple is less simple.

The tissue paper is often made from recycled paper, but can be made with any source of cellulose fibers, such as wood. In the case of most toilet paper, recycled paper is ground with water to form a cellulose pulp, that is pressed and then ground again for the bleaching process. proprietary chemicals are added to the pulp to whiten the fibers before the pulp is cleaned with water. The pulp is then laid on a conveyor belt where it is quickly dried--transforming into sheets--and then put on to gigantic rolls. Cardboard is twisted and glued into long tubes that the tissue will be rolled onto. The long rolls of toilet paper are cut to size and individually wrapped by a very well timed mechanism, finally ready to be shipped.

Title page drafts

I don't know how I am going to choose. I've only explored one basic idea and I have too many options.

Revised spreads for Dieter Rams book

The two spreads below are both options for my second spread, I haven't yet decided on one permanently, so I continue to edit them both.

Errol Morris video response

Errol Morris notes that we have forgotten that photos are connected to the physical word. This is shown in the title of the video. He goes on to talk about how separate from reality these photos are. There is a strange duality in how he approaches the idea of photography that is not quite contradictory, but close. Morris talks about how photos are cropped and decontextualized, making that which is not in the photo just as important as what is included in it. He notes that photos are often framed to give a certain effect, using the example of the early Crimean war photos of the “Valley of the Shadow of Death.” The connection he draws between photos and the physical world is actually people.

            With photography being a more recent art form, many more of the photographers, and people included are still available to ask questions. Morris notes this in the example of Abu Ghraib prison and how much information is assumed about photos without inquiring about the people involved. Photos are often far separated from the real world, but they represent aspects of it through, through the medium of the photographer and the people being photographed. This is an interesting way to approach the subject of truth in a photo. Morris notes that searching for honesty in a photo is useless since they idea of truth is set in words and not in art. However, a representation through a photograph may be very far from “reality,” but to the person formatting the photo this false representation may carry a tone or emotion that closer matches their own perception of the reality of that moment.

Photography Changes Everything Response

Reading essays like this often make me nod my head in agreement, but then what? I hit the last page and I find myself saying “aaand?...” “Photography Changes Everything” notes some important things, but in my opinion they are arguments that hardly even needed to be noted, unless it was being read by someone who truly believed photography wasn’t an expansive, ever-changing, process which affects all manners of life. Heiferman discusses how big and important photography is, but just because it is big and important doesn’t make those thoughts original or even necessarily interesting. Ask a freshman in high school to think of all the ways photography is used and how it affects them and I think you’ll get a less eloquent version of this essay.

            Maybe I am being callous, but I do not find much to respond to in this essay other than a bland general agreement with its statements. If this were a preface for a longer work than informed the reader of all the oddities of specific photography jobs—like the example of the thermal parking lot images—or the areas of photography pushing the limits of technology, I am sure I would be more positive. However, just providing a couple examples to illustrate things I already know leaves me a little rant-y. Maybe I’ve been made harsh by expectations of clear and original arguments from Art History essays and persuasive papers being graded by persnickety English professors, or maybe I am just looking at it in the wrong light, but I don’t feel like my knowledge or mindfulness has been broadened by Heifermans work.